An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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The region to the right the → Hayashi track, representing objects that cannot be in → hydrostatic equilibrium. Energy transport in these objects would take place with a → superadiabatic temperature gradient.

→ Hayashi track; → forbidden; → zone.

A period in the → pre-main sequence evolution of a low mass star during which the star has negligible nuclear energy production and low internal temperature. Hence energy transport inside the star takes place dominantly through → convection. The star contracts homologously and evolves in the → H-R diagram along the → hayashi track with decreasing → luminosity and nearly constant → effective temperature. The time taken by a star of mass M_* to contract to radius R_* along a Hayashi track is of the order of the → Kelvin-Helmholtz time: t_KH = 10⁷(M_*/M_sun)²/(R_*/R_sun)³ yr.

→ Hayashi track; → phase.

The minimum → effective temperature required for a → pre-main sequence star of given mass and radius to be in → hydrostatic equilibrium. This temperature delimits the boundary of the → Hayashi forbidden zone.

→ Hayashi track; → temperature.

The path on the → Hertzsprung-Russell diagram that is followed by a fully → convective  → pre-main sequence star to reach the → zero-age main sequence. Hayashi tracks for → low-mass stars are near vertical. At higher masses, stars become increasingly radiative as they contract and the Hayashi tracks are almost horizontal.

Named after the Japanese astrophysicist Chushiro Hayashi (1920-2010), who published his paper in 1961 (PASJ 13, 450); → track.

1) A danger that one can foresee but cannot avoid.
2) Something causing unavoidable danger, peril, risk, or difficulty.
3) The absence or lack of predictability; chance; uncertainty (Dictionary.com).

M.E. hasard, from O.Fr. hasard, hasart "game of chance played with dice," possibly from Sp. azar "an unfortunate card or throw at dice," postulated to derive from Ar. az-zahr "the die," but this etymology is controversial.

Âpé, from Av. au-pat-, "to fall down, off," from pat- "to fall, fly;" Proto-Ir. *pat- "to fall; fly; rise;" related to Pers. oftâdan "to fall; to befall; to happen," → fall. Pers. âfat "blight, pest, curse," may belong to this family.

1) Full of risk; perilous; risky.
2. Dependent on chance (Dictionary.com).

Adj. from → hazard.

A phenomenon where fine particles of → dust and/or → smoke suspended in the → atmosphere near Earth reduce the → visibility by → scattering light.

Maybe from M.E. *hase, O.E. hasu, variant of haswa "ashen, dusky."

Nezm "mist, fog, vapor."

An extremely → metal-poor and high-velocity F3-type → subgiant with → apparent visual magnitude 7.205 ± 0.02. It has other designations, among which BD-10 4149, GJ 1195, HIP 76976, and SAO 159459. HD 140283 is situated in the solar neighborhood at some 200 → light-years from the Earth (→ trigonometric parallax 17.15 ± 0.14 mas) in the constellation → Libra. Its color E(B - V) = 0.000 yields a visual → absolute magnitude  M_V = +3.377. Its → surface temperature is T_eff = 5777 K. Its iron and oxygen surface → chemical abundancees relative to hydrogen are [Fe/H] = -2.40 and [O/H] = -1.67, making it the most metal-poor star so far known (2021). Using precise observational data, an age of 14.46 ± 0.8 Gyr has been derived for this star. Within the errors, the age of HD 140283 does not conflict with the age of the → Universe, 13.77 ± 0.06 Gyr, obtained from the → cosmic microwave background radiation and the → Hubble constant. HD 140283 must have formed soon after the → Big Bang and is the oldest known star. This is why it is sometimes nicknamed the → Methuselah star (H. E. Bond et al., 2013, arxiv.1302.3180).

The star's name in the → Henry Draper system

A → hot star of → apparent visual magnitude 6.61 lying in the constellation → Orion. HD 43317 has a B3.5V → spectral type and has no detected binary companion. Its chemical surface abundances agree with the solar abundances, but with some co-rotating He abundance spots at the stellar surface. The CoRoT satellite revealed that HD 43317 is a → hybrid pulsator of → Slowly Pulsating B star (SPB)/ → Beta Cephei type. Its → rotation period is 0.897673(4) days. Zeeman signatures in the Stokes V profiles of HD 43317 are clearly detected and rotationally modulated, which proves that this star exhibits an oblique magnetic field. The strength of the dipolar magnetic field is of the order of 1 kG to 1.5 kG (Buysschaert et al., 2017, A&A 605, A104).

→ HD number.

A remarkable → binary star system composed of → massive stars that is associated with NGC 346, the largest → H II region + OB star cluster in the → Small Magellanic Cloud. HD 5980 is a rather complex system because it consists of at least three stars: two stars form an → eclipsing binary with a period of 19.266 days, while the third component, an → O star, is detected by means of a set of absorption lines. Whether or not the third star is physically bound to the eclipsing binary remains currently unclear. HD 5980 underwent an → LBV-type event in August 1994. Before the LBV eruption, both components of the eclipsing binary already showed emission lines in their spectra and were thus classified as → Wolf-Rayet stars. However, as shown by the analysis of the spectra taken during and after the LBV event, at least the star that underwent the eruption was not a classical, helium-burning, Wolf-Rayet object, but rather a WNha star. This means a rather massive star with substantial amounts of hydrogen present in its outer layers. These WNha stars have → stellar wind properties that are intermediate between those of extreme → Of stars and classical → WN Wolf-Rayet stars.

→ Henry Draper system; → number.

A multiple → O-type star in the → Trumpler 14 cluster, which consists of at least three components. The main component, HD 93129A, is of spectral type O2 If*, a very rare hot star and the closest known O2 star (Walborn et al. 2002). It is one of the most luminous stars known. HD 93129B, lying 2.7 arcsec apart, is an O3.5 V((f+)) type. Recent → HST observations have shown that component A is itself probably a double or → binary star with a separation of 0.055 arcsec.

→ HD number.

The core of the Galactic → giant H II region, → NGC 3603. It is a multiple object composed of several → massive stars with a collective → spectral type of around WN6+O5. One of the stars, → NGC 3603A-1, is a double-eclipsing binary with an orbital period of 3.77 days. The component masses are 116 Msun for the primary and 89 Msun for the secondary, respectively. The primary WN6ha component of A1 is the most massive star ever directly weighed. A second star, C, has newly been identified, which has been classified as an SB1 binary, and in which only the primary (WN6ha) component is visible. The third star, B, shows constant radial velocities over the observed time interval, and therefore is most likely not a binary. While the primary component of C might have a mass similar to or even greater than that of A1's primary, it is possible that star B, be the most massive member in NGC 3603 and, therefore, the most massive main-sequence star known in the Galaxy (Schnurr et al., 2008, MNRAS, 389, L38).

→ HD number.

An identifying number assigned to the stars in the Henry Draper catalog. For example, the star Vega is HD 172167.

→ Henry Draper system; → number.

Any of the → spectral lines arising from → singly ionized helium in the atmosphere of → O-type and → Wolf-Rayet stars. He II lines are chiefly in absorption, but some of them, such as 4686 Å occur in emission in hotter stars. The presence of He II → absorption lines separates O types from → B-type stars. A number of these He II lines belong to the → Pickering series involving transitions with → principal quantum numbern = 4 and higher. Although the n = 3-4 (4686 Å) transition also belongs to ionized helium and often occurs in these hot stars, it does not belong to the Pickering series because it has a lower landing level quantum number (n = 3). The same goes for n = 2-5 (4026 Å).

→ helium; → line.

An early → B-type star showing helium lines with abnormally large equivalent widths. The surface → chemical abundances of He-strong stars are influenced by the presence of a strong → magnetic field, resulting in a He overabundance that typically varies in strength over the stellar surface. Examples include HR 735, HD 184927, and CPD-62°2124.

→ helium; → strong; → line.

A → chemically peculiar star with very weak helium lines. Examples include 3 Sco, HD 176582, HD 217833, HR 2949, and HD 21699. The He-weak stars do not form a homogeneous group. Some of them display intense Si, or Ti and Sr lines, and are considered a hot extension of the magnetic → Ap/Bp stars. Others show overabundances of P and Ga, typically noted for → HgMn stars. The star HD 139160 belongs to the non-magnetic subgroup of He-weak stars.

→ helium; → weak; → line.

1) That part of anything that forms or is situated at the top, summit, or upper end.
2) The → nucleus and surrounding → coma of a → comet.

Head, from O.E. heafod "top of the body," also "chief person" (cf. O.S. hobid; Goth. haubiþ Ger. Haupt "head"), from PIE *kauput- "head;" cf. Skt. kaput-, kapala- "skull;" L. caput "head;" Pers. dialect Lori: kapu "head," kapulek "skull, middle of the head;" Kurd. kapol "skull;" Pashto kaparay "skull."

Sar "head," soru, sorun "horn" (karnâ "a trumpet-like wind instrument," variant sornâ "a wind instrument"); Mid.Pers. sar "head," sru "horn;" Av. sarah- "head," srū- "horn, nail;" cf. Skt. śiras- "head, chief;" Gk. kara "head," karena "head, top," keras "horn;" L. cornu "horn," cerebrum "brain;" P.Gmc. *khurnaz (Ger. Horn, Du. horen; cognate with E. horn, as above, from PIE *ker- "head, horn;" O.E. horn "horn of an animal," also "wind instrument;" E. horn); PIE base *ker- "head, horn, top, summit."

A member of the class of radio galaxies (→ radio galaxy) that have a strong radio emission coming from a bright "head" and a more diffuse emission from a "tail." They are often found in clusters.

→ head; → tail; → galaxy.

1) A hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation. In vertebrates there may be up to four chambers (as in humans), with two atria and two ventricles.
2) The heart regarded as the centre of a person's thoughts and emotions, especially love or compassion (OxfordDictionaries.com).

M.E. herte, from O.E. heorte "heart breast, soul, spirit, will, desire; courage; mind, intellect;" cf. O.Saxon herta, O.Frisian herte, O.Norse hjarta, Du. hart, O.H.G. herza, Ger. Herz; cognate with Pers. del, as below; PIE root *kerd- "heart."

Del "heart" (Pashtu z'rrah, zyah; Baluci zirde "heart, mind, soul;" Kurd. zar; Sogd. žyâwar); Mid.Pers. dil; Av. zərəd-; cf. Skt. hrd-; Gk. kardia; L. cor "heart" (Fr. cœur; Sp. corazon, It. cuore); Russ. serdtse; Arm. sirt; E. heart, as above.

Energy possessed by a substance in the form of kinetic energy of atomic or molecular translation, rotation, or vibration.

Heat, from O.E. hætu, hæto, from P.Gmc. *khaitin- "heat," from *khaitaz "hot" (cf. O.N. hiti, Ger. hitze "heat," Goth. heito "fever").

Garmâ "heat, warmth," from Mid.Pers. garmâg; O.Pers./Av. garəma- "hot, warm;" cf. Skt. gharmah "heat;" Gk. thermos "warm;" L. formus "warm," fornax "oven;" P.Gmc. *warmaz; O.E. wearm; E. warm; O.H.G., Ger. warm; PIE *ghworm-/*ghwerm- "warm."