An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

The amount by which a varying quantity increases between two of its stages. In → calculus, the Greek letter Δ (delta) is used to denote an increment; e.g. Δx is an increment of x, contrasted to → decrement.

Increment, from L. incrementum "growth, increase," from stem of increscere "to grow in or upon" from → in- "in" + crescere "to grow."

Fazâyé, from fazâ shortened present stem of afzudan "to add, increase" (Mid.Pers. abzudan "to increase, grow;" O.Pers. abijav- "to increase, add to, promote," from abi-, aiby- "in addition to; to; against" + root jav- "press forward;" Av. gav- "to hasten, drive;" Skt. jav- "to press forward, impel quickly, excite," javate "hastens") + -y- euphonic infix + -é noun/nuance suffix.

Not → definite; without fixed or specified limit.

From → in- "not, without" + → definite.

Math.: An integral without upper and lower limits. The general antiderivative of a function. → definite integral.

→ definite; → integral.

Not dependent.

From negation prefix → in- + → dependent.

Statistics: Two events if the occurrence of one of them gives no → information about whether or not the other event will occur; these events have no influence on each other.

→ independent; → event.

Statistics: Two random variables X and Y if and only if the value of X has no influence on the value of Y and vice versa.

→ dependent; → random; → variable.

Math.: A variable whose value determines the value of other variables. For example, x, in the expression y = f(x), is the independent variable. See also → dependent variable.

→ independent; → variable.

Philosophy: The doctrine that there are events which do not correspond with determinism and therefore are uncaused in some sense.
Quantum physics: The claim that the most basic constituents of matter behave indeterministically, in accordance with such properties as the → uncertainty principle.

→ in-; → determinism.

Nâtarmbâvari, nâtarmvari, from nâ- negation prefix + (â)tarmbâvari, (â)tarmvari, → determinism.

1) Math.: A number or symbol, often written as a → subscript or → superscript to a mathematical expression, that indicates an operation to be performed, an ordering relation, or a use of the associated expression.
2) Physics: A measure of a particular property; e.g. → adiabatic index; → color index; → index of refraction.
3) In some → astrolabes, the → rule.
4) A sequential arrangement of items, especially in alphabetical or numerical order. → Index Catalogue.

Index, from L. index "forefinger, pointer, sign," literally "anything which points out," from indicare "point out, show," from in- "in" + dicare "to proclaim," from stem of dicere "to speak, to say;" PIE base *deik- "to point out" (cf. Av. daēs- " to show;" Skt. dic- "to point out, show;" Gk. deiknynai "to prove;" O.H.G. zeigon; Ger. zeigen "to show;" O.E. teon "to accuse," tæcan "to teach").

1) Dišan, from diš-, simple aorist of Av. daēs- "to show," as above, + suffix -an.
2) Fehrest, from Mid.Pers. payrâstag "arranged," from payrâstan "to arrange; to adorn" (Mod.Pers. pirâstan); Proto-Ir. *pati-rāsta-, from *pati "to, at, for, in" (cf. Mid.Pers. pad "to, at, for, in;" Mod.Pers. be, beh; Old.Pers. paity; Av. paiti "to, toward, in, at;" Skt. práti; Gk. poti) + *rād- "to direct, arrange" (cf. Mod.Pers. raj "line, row," variants raž, rak, râk, rezg (Lori), ris, risé, radé, rasté, râsté, related to râst "right, true; just, upright, straight;" Mid.Pers. râst "true, straight, direct;" Sogdian rəšt "right;" O.Pers. rāsta- "straight, true," rās- "to be right, straight, true;" Av. rāz- "to direct, put in line, set," razan- "order;" cf. Skt. raj- "to direct, stretch," rjuyant- "walking straight;" Gk. orektos "stretched out;" L. regere "to lead straight, guide, rule," p.p. rectus "right, straight;" PIE base *reg- "move in a straight line," hence, "to direct, rule").

Either of two catalogues of non-stellar objects, which serve as supplements to the → New General Catalogue.

→ index; → catalog

Same as → refractive index.

→ index; → refraction.

The → numeral system consisting of the numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 which evolved into the system we use today. The Indian numerals was a place-value or positional system. The Indians were the first to develop a base 10 positional system. Same as → Hindu-Arabic numeral system.

Indian, from India, → Indus; → numeral; → system.

A color between blue and violet.

From Sp. indico, Portuguese endego, and Du. (via Portuguese) indigo, from L. indicum "indigo," from Gk. indikon "blue dye from India," literally "Indian (substance)," neuter of indikos "Indian," → Indus.

Nil "indigo color; the indigo plant;" Mid.Pers. nil; cf. Skt. nīlī, nīlā "the indigo plant; indigo color."

Not in a direct course, path, action, or procedure.

→ in-; → direct.

A word or group of words representing the person or thing with reference to which the action of a verb is performed. In English generally coming between the verb and the direct object and paraphrasable as the object of a preposition, usually to or for, following the direct object, as the boy in He gave the boy a book (Dictionary.com).

→ indirect; → object.

1a) A single human being, as distinguished from a group (Dictionary.com).
1b) A distinct, indivisible entity; a single thing, being, instance, or item (Dictionary.com).
1c) Logic: An → object or element taken as the → subject of the → predicates of → first-order logic.
2) Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a particular person or thing. → individual constant, → individual variable.

M.E., from M.L. individualis, from L. individuus "indivisible," from → in- "not, opposite of" + dividuus "divisible," from dividere, → divide.

Takâl, from tak, → single, + suffix -âl, → -al; takâli with adj. suffix -i.

In predicate logic: A → word or → expression that represents a → specific  → individual or → object. A single object can be denoted by multiple individual constants, reflecting the fact that objects can have multiple names. On the other hand, any individual constant can only denote one object. Individual constants are represented by lower case letters from the beginning of the alphabet: a, b, c.

→ individual; → constant.

In → predicate logic, a variable which represents an unspecified → subject. Individual variables work just as do variables in algebra, they stand in for a value, but have no fixed value of their own. They are represented by lower case letters taken from the end of the alphabet x, y, z; and if additional variables are needed by u, v, w, as well.

→ individual; → variable.

1) A social theory advocating the liberty, rights, or independent action of the individual (Dictionary.com).
2) An individual peculiarity.

→ individual; → -ism.

1) A person who shows great independence or individuality in thought or action (Dictionary.com).
2) An advocate of → individualism (Dictionary.com).

→ individual; → -ist.