An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

→ element diffusion.

→ atomic; → diffusion.

A gaseous ball of atoms, usually → cesium (¹³³Cs), created by the → laser cooling technique and used in an → atomic fountain clock. The ball, typically a few millimeters in diameter and containing some 10⁷ atoms, can be launched upward against gravity using a → laser beam. The launch velocity is chosen such that the atoms reach a height of about one meter before they turn back and fall down the same path they came up. The motion of the ball resembles that of the water in a pulsed fountain.

→ atomic; fountain, from M.E. fontayne from O.Fr. fontaine, from L.L. fontana, noun use of feminine of L. fontanus "of a spring," from fons "spring of water."

Favvâré, Pers. construction from Ar. faur "boiling, bubbling."

An → atomic clock based on the principle of the → atomic fountain. A ball of atoms, usually → cesium (¹³³Cs), created by the → laser cooling technique, is trapped in the intersection region of six laser beams. The ball is thrown upward by a laser beam and passes twice through a cavity where the atoms interact with the → microwave radiation generated by an → oscillator. The ball reaches the summit of its trajectory (about 1 m above the cooling zone) and then due to gravity falls through the same microwave cavity. The microwave radiation causes the electrons of the cesium atoms to move between two specific → energy states as they pass through the cavity. The clock is based on a → hyperfine transition (9.192631770 GHz) between two energy states in the electronic → ground state of the atom. The upper hyperfine state can in principle radiate to the lower state by → spontaneous emission, but the process takes a very long time -- thousands of years. Selection and detection of the hyperfine state is performed via → optical pumping and laser induced resonance fluorescence. In a carefully controlled setup, a relative uncertainty of 10 ^-16 can be reached for the cesium clock. This means an accuracy of 1 sec every 300 million years. This fluorescence is measured by a detector. The entire process is repeated until the maximum fluorescence of the cesium atoms is determined. This determination is used to lock the oscillator to the atomic frequency of cesium, which is used to define the SI → second. The first atomic fountain for metrological use was developed at the Paris Observatory (A. Clairon et al. 1996, Proc. 5th Symp. Frequency Standards and Metrology, p. 45).

→ atomic fountain; → clock.

The → heat capacity of a → mole of a substance, expresses as: C_a = C.A , where C is the → specific heat and A the → atomic weight .

→ atomic; → heat.

Same as → neutral hydrogen or → H I.

→ atomic; → hydrogen.

The mass of a single atom, when the atom is at rest at its lowest energy level (→ ground state). Because a → chemical element may exist as various → isotopes, possessing different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei, atomic mass is calculated for each isotope separately. Atomic mass is most often expressed in unified → atomic mass units, where one unified atomic mass unit is defined as one-twelfth the mass of a single atom of the carbon-12 isotope.

→ atomic; → mass.

The total number of → protons and → neutrons in the → nucleus of an → atom (symbol A). For example, Oxygen-16 has a mass number of sixteen, because it has eight protons and eight neutrons.

→ atomic; → mass; → number.

A unit of mass used for atoms and molecules, equal to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 (including orbital electrons). It is equal to 1.660 33 × 10^-24 g.

→ atomic; → mass; → unit.

The central part of the → atom. It is made up of → protons and, in most cases, → neutrons. The nucleus is surrounded by a swarm of fast-moving → electrons. Almost all of the mass (more than 99%) of an atom is contained in the dense nucleus. The number of protons in the nucleus (called → atomic number) determines the type of → chemical element. Atoms that differ only in the number of neutrons in their nuclei are called → isotopes.

→ atomic; → nucleus.

The number of → protons in an → atomic nucleus (symbol Z). Same as → Z-number. The atomic number is written as a subscript to the left of the → chemical element name. For example, the most common isotope of oxygen is shown as ₈¹⁶O, which has 8 → protons and its → mass number (A) is 16.

→ atomic; → number.

In → propositional logic, a → sentence without any → connectives. See also → molecular proposition.

→ atomic; → proposition.

Time measured using atomic clocks.

→ atomic; → number.

A change in the → energy level or → state of an → atom in which a → quantum of energy is either gained or lost. See also → forbidden transition; → permitted transition; → semiforbidden transition.

→ atomic; → transition.

The volume one → mole of a → chemical element occupies at room temperature. Atomic volume is typically given in cubic centimeters per mole (cc/mol). In other words, atomic volume is the ratio of → atomic mass to the → density of an element.

→ atomic; → volume. .

A graph displaying → atomic volumes of → chemical elements against their → atomic masses, first plotted by Lother Meyer (1830-1895). The elements with similar properties occupy the same positions on the graph. In the original curve, Lothar Meyer plotted atomic volumes against → atomic weights. → Alkali metals such as Na, K, Rb, and Cs occupy the top position on the graph. Elements like Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba occupy the positions on the ascending part of the graph. → Inert gases, except He, occupy the positions on the descending part of the graph. → Halogen elements like F, Cl, and Br also occupy the descending part of the graph.

→ atomic; → volume; → curve.

→ relative atomic mass.

→ atomic; → weight.

i) If t₁, t₂, ..., t_n are terms and P is a → predicate of arity n, then P(t₁, t₂, ..., t_n) is an atomic wff.
ii) If t₁ and t₂ are terms, then (t₁ = t₂) is an atomic wff.

→ atomic; → wff.

1a) An aggressive and violent act against a person or place.
1b) Chem.: The beginning of a series of destructive reactions.
2a) To apply aggressive military action against (a place or enemy forces).
2b) Chem.: To begin a destructive reaction by breaking a bond or forming a new bond.

From M.Fr. attaquer, from Florentine Italian attaccare (battaglia) "join (battle)."

Patâk, from pa-, short for pati- "contrary, opposite" (az in panâh, padid), → against, + tâk, variants tak, tag, tâz "rush, running, attack," related to tâxtan "to run; to hasten; to assault," → flow.

1) To pay attention.
2) To be present at.

M.E. atenden, from O.Fr. atendre "to expect, wait for, pay attention," from L. attendere "give heed to," literally "to stretch toward," from → ad- "to" + tendere "stretch," → tension.

Âtânidan, from prefix â- + tân, from tan-, tanidan "to spin, twist, weave" (cf. tân "thread, warp of a web," variants târ "thread, warp, string," tâl "thread" (Borujerdi dialect), tur "fishing net, net, snare"); Mid.Pers. tanitan; Av. tan- to stretch, extend;" cf. Skt. tan- to stretch, extend;" tanoti "stretches," tantram "loom;" tántra- "warp; essence, main point;" Gk. teinein "to stretch, pull tight;" L. tendere "to stretch;" Lith. tiñklas "net, fishing net, snare;" PIE base *ten- "to stretch."

1) The act or state of attending.
2) The act or state of going to or being present at a place or event.
3) The persons or number of persons present at a particular place or event.

→ attend; → -ance.